ECSONG A Bibliography of Nut Tree Literature

This bibliography has been compiled for anyone interested in any aspect of nut trees in northeastern North America, from the history, biology, horticulture, silviculture, to the use of fruit or wood. A first edition was done in 1985 by the members of the Nut Use Special Interest Group: Mark Jones, Polly Sue Forrestall and Hank Jones. The major literature contributors were Paul Bender, Alec Jones, Don Stalker, George Truscott, and Irene Woolford. Summaries and recent entries are by John Sankey.

The bibliography is organized in alphabetical order by author's last name, with the exception of the Black Walnut Advisory Sheet series and Harrowsmith magazine, whose articles are listed together. Most publications cited are held in the main library of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, in The Sir John Carling Building on the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

Abbreviations used:
NNGA: Northern Nut Growers Association
OMAF: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food
OMNR: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources
USDA: United States Department of Agriculture

• anon. The planting of hardwood trees and shrubs. 1974. Forest Management Branch, OMNR. They require techniques quite different from conifers. Most are very demanding in their site requirements. Chemical weed control "has become an essential step" in site preparation and maintenance.
• anon. Growing walnut for fun and profit. 1975. Fine Hardwoods/American Walnut Association. 1730-666 North Lake Shore Drive, Chicago IL 60611. Agdex 246. Basic advice on how to plant and care for Black Walnut for timber.
• anon. Red oak whip production in containers. Paper presented at the Conference of the Eastern Region of the International Plant Propagators Society, 7-10 December 1987, Chicago.
• anon. Walnut seed production and germination. The Nutshell (NNGA) 42(4) 1988. Agdex 246. A summary of practise for Juglans ailantifolia, J.californica, J.cinerea, J.hindsii, J.major, J.microcarpa, J.nigra & J.regia.
• An American Wood. USDA Forestry Service. 1973. Agdex 333. A series of booklets, one on each important wood group. Includes detailed range maps, identification photos and principal uses. American chestnut, black walnut, buckeye, butternut, oak, pecan, and sycamore.
• anon. Common Pests of Trees in Ontario. OMNR.
• anon. Guidelines for Tree Seed Crop Forecasting and Collecting. OMNR.
• anon. Guide to Weed Control. Publication 75, OMAF.
• anon. Silviculture Fact Sheets for Common Ontario Grown Nut Trees. SONG.
• anon. Woody Plant Seed Manual. Miscellaneous Publication No. 654. U.S. Forest Service.
• Black Walnut Advisory Sheets. Northeastern Area, State & Private Forestry. 6816 Market St., Upper Darby, PA 19082. Agdex 246. Excellent popular summaries for timber growers of the technical work done at the North Central Forest Experiment Station, Walnut Research Center, Carbondale IL. They became the Walnut Notes in 1988.
  • Funk,D. Frost dieback and genetics. #2, Sept. 1968. Southern trees grow faster, but are more susceptible to frost dieback. Stock originating from trees grown within 150 miles latitude of the planting site is best for veneer log production.
  • Losche, C. Choosing a site for planting black walnut. #3, Sept. 1968. Soil texture and internal drainage are the most important factors. Look for sandy to silty loam over limestone, with no coarse sand or gravel, acid clayey subsoil, or grey mottling, within 3' of the surface. Avoid steep south-facing slopes and any sites with existing stunted vegetation.
  • Corrective pruning produces a better tree. #4, Oct. 1963. Remove multiple leaders as soon as possible; crooks will straighten later.
  • Williams, B. A Small seedling gives small results. #5, Oct. 1963. Large diameter seedlings have highest survival and future growth. 3/8" seedlings (diameter 1" above the root collar) grow almost twice as fast as 3/16"; anything less than 3/16" is unsuitable.
  • Small walnut trees need their freedom. #7, Jan. 1969. Use of pre-emergent Atrazine and Simazine to remove competing plants.
  • Money trees. #8, Feb. 1969. A 20"dbh black walnut with a 32' clear stem grows $20 per year.
  • Krajicek, J. The space problem. #9, Mar. 1969. The best crown width for black walnut is 24 times the trunk dbh plus 5'.
  • More about competition control. #11, May. 1969. Use of post-emergent 2,4-D and Dalapon to remove competing plants.
  • A new start. #12, June 1969. When a young tree becomes multistemmed, cut it off 1" above the ground and select a new, single, sprout.
  • A glimpse at clear-stem pruning. #13, July 1969. Wait until 3 growing seasons after planting, then prune no more than 50% of the total height of the tree.
  • Is fertilization the answer? #14, Aug. 1969. Generally no - it grows weeds faster than black walnuts.
  • Bushels per acre vs. board feet per acre. #15, Sept. 1969. Grow corn on good shallow soil, not black walnuts.
  • Keep those crowns apart. #16, Sept. 1969. Black walnut crowns increase about 8" in diameter per year, so thinning will be required within 12 years if there is currently 8' between crowns.
  • Bey, C. Latitude, genetics and growth. #17, Nov. 1969. Walnut growth rate over the first three years increases by 6% per 100 miles of latitude of origin in the US Northeast.
  • Losche, C. Soil mottling - a site indicator. #18, Jan. 1970. Walnut tree growth is very sensitive to impervious subsoil. 25 year old trees grow to almost twice the dbh and 1.5x the height on soil with no mottling in the top 4', compared to soil with mottling below 1'.
  • Initial spacing considerations. #19, Mar. 1970. Optimum spacing provides sufficient trees to allow removal of poor quality ones and still maintain full site utilization. The optimum is 100-150 sq.ft. per tree.
  • Don't forget the nuts. #20, May 1970. A 1' dbh black walnut will produce an average of one bushel of unhulled nuts annually, 16 lb hulled nuts, 2 lb kernels.
  • Black walnut - an antagonistic tree. #22, July 1970. A black walnut kills pine trees within its root spread, but few other important timber species.
  • Preplanting preparation. #23, Sept. 1970. Choose the site the year before, clear it of brush and mow it.
  • Don't give up on crooked trees. #25, Feb. 1971. If most of the stem is straight, cut back to a healthy bud on the inside of the crooked leader that is within 5" of the desired growth line. If the stem has no sense of direction, coppice it: cut it off 1-2" above the ground, then remove all but one resulting sprout before mid-June.
  • A glimpse at a good eight year old plantation. #27, Aug. 1971. Two acres in southern Illinois were planted with 1/4" seedlings on a 15' grid in 1963. Herbicides were used for weed control for 5 years. Corrective and clear-stem pruning were done as required. Many of the trees are now 5" dbh and 25' tall, and the canopy is almost closed.
  • Plantation establishment - nuts and squirrels. #29, Jan. 1972. Planting seedlings works better than planting nuts - even a single squirrel can pilfer a large area.
  • Crown release - a growth stimulant. #30, Feb. 1972. Maintaining a spacing of 5-10' between crowns gives optimum site production.
  • A new canker disease in black walnut plantations. #31, Mar. 1972. It circles the stem just above the ground line; wood underlying the canker area is heavily stained; roots seem not to be affected.
  • A good walnut plantation is no accident. #36, Aug. 1974. 1. choose a good site, 2. prepare it properly, 3. use good planting stock, 4. plant properly, and 5. control weeds.
  • Tree straightening - nature's way. #37, Nov. 1974. Minor crooks straighten out as a tree grows.
  • A good place to plant - forest openings. #38, Nov. 1975. 1/4 acre openings are good for black walnut as long as competing vegetation is controlled.
  • Hidden soil characteristics are important. #39, Feb. 1976. The number one cause of hardwood plantation failure is unsuitable soil. Use a probe and shovel to explore a plantation site 4' down.
  • Autumn-olive looks good. #40, July 1976. The growth of Elaeagnus umbellata (zone 5), a nitrogen-fixing shrub, matches that of black walnut, resulting in better growth of the walnut by comparison with a pure stand.
  • Revisiting a 14 year old plantation. #41, July 1977. The average dbh is 4.8", average height 24'. Thinning to 105 trees per acre from the existing 194 is planned in 6 years.
  • It pays to be choosy. #42, June 1978. The highest value is obtained from planting 300 seedlings per acre and selectively removing the smallest trees to a final harvest of 25-35 trees per acre - $3000 per acre better than removing every other tree when thinning.
  • New thinning guidelines. Jan. 1979. Crown Competition Factor works best for choosing thinning times.
• Harrowsmith
  • Wood heat. 3:8-13 (1975). Clarence Coons on a properly managed woodlot - hickory, red oak and beech top the list of desirable trees.
  • Woods & forests: do-it-yourself dept. 10:64-65 (1976). "His offer for the three or four old [black walnut] trees would have been enough, at that time, to put the farmer's two children through university."
  • Trees without trauma. 34:65-71 (1980). A beginner's guide to caring for nursery trees: a big hole backfilled with it's own earth, no fertilizer, lots of water and mulch, and a rodent guard.
  • Stewardship of the trees. 40:53-65 (1981). A guide to selling the timber from a small woodlot - "some [walnut] trees are incredibly valuable". The Niagara Parks Commission has problems with timber rustlers stealing the walnut trees growing in their parks.
  • Aaaah Nuts! 64:97-100 (1985). The joys of nut cooking.
  • Tough Nuts. 72:79-97,109 (1987). Bill MacKentley's hardy trees with tender nutmeats at the St. Lawrence Nurseries - alpricot and filbert for small holdings; beech, black walnut, butternut, chestnut, hickory, bur oak.
  • Woodlot wizardry - commonsense silviculture that works like magic. 83:91-98 (1989)
  • Home Sawyer. 89:71-77 (1990). Use of a portable band-saw mill - the saw moves, not the log; the thin blade increases useable lumber 20% over circular saws, but don't skimp on the blades.
  • Apple's seeds. 89:79-83 (1990). Heather Apple and her Heritage Seed Program.
  • Life's a beech. 138:20 (1998). Beech bark disease is coming to Fagus grandifolia - white beech scale followed by clusters of red fungus fruiting bodies. Mechanically remove it fast, before the fungus gets hold - the scale can't fly.
• Walnut Notes. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale IL 62901. 1988. Agdex 246. Precise, concise and detailed looseleaf book for black walnut timber producers.
• Althen, F.W. von. Planting and tending recommendations. Environment Canada Forestry Service, Great Lakes Forest Research Center leaflet. Agdex 330. Concise summaries, one species per sheet. Black walnut, bur oak, red oak.
• Althen, F.W. von. Ten-year results of thinning and fertilizing of a pole-sized black walnut plantation. 1976. Environment Canada Forestry Service, Great Lakes Forest Research Center report O-X-245. Agdex 246. For field plantations of black walnut and red pine, 27 years old in 1965, fertilization of field plantations gave a 25% increase in growth over 10 years, but growth of a matching plantation in an opening of a sugar maple woods was double that of the unfertilized field plantations.
• Althen, F.W. von Preliminary guide to site preparation and weed control in hardwood plantations in southern Ontario. Canadian Forestry Service O-X-288. 1979. Agdex 326. In contrast to conifers, hardwood seedlings planted in fields with competing vegetation never produce stems of sawlog or veneer quality, the only products of commerical value for them.
• Althen, F.W. von et.al. Black walnut establishment: six-year survival and growth of containerised and 1+0 seedlings. Tree Planters Notes 37(1):11-14 (1986). Survival of containerized seedlings was lower, growth higher the first year after transplanting.
• Althen, F.W. von et.al. Performance of black walnut - white pine plantations in southwestern Ontario. Canadian Forestry Service & OMNR Joint Report 13. 1988. Agdex 330. Interplanting walnut with white pine does not reduce the need for competition control for good growth of the walnuts.
• Althen, F.W. von. Effects of weed control and irrigation on 7 and 8-year growth of planted black walnut. 4th Black Walnut Symposium pp.103-113, 30 July-2 August 1989, Carbondale IL. Agdex 246. Grass and weed control via annual application of glyphosate or Simazine gave 5.5 m growth, twice-monthly mowing only 17 cm, over the 8 years following planting of a pure black walnut field plantation.
• Althen, F.W. von. The effects of alternate-row interplanting of five species on black walnut growth. Forestry Canada Report O-X-409 (1990). Agdex 246. Mean 10-year growth was much better when interplanted with autumn-olive than when interplanted with black locust (next best), European alder, bur oak, white pine, or in a pure plantation, due to natural competition control and nitrogen fixation.
• Althen, F.W. von. Sowing and planting shagbark and bitternut hickories on former farmland in southern Ontario.Forestry Canada Report O-X-403 (1990). Agdex 240. Poor results were obtained after 5 years with direct seeding, container grown and bare-root seedlings, with or without interplanted autumn-olive. Improved afforestation techniques are needed for these species.
• Angier, Bradford. Field guide to medicinal wild plants. 1978. Stackpole Books, PA. 320 pp.
• Arnason, Thor et.al. The use of plants for food and medicine by native peoples of eastern Canada. Cdn.J.Botany 59(11):2189-2325 (1981).
• Arno, J. Walnut, the cabinetwood par-excellence. Fine Woodworking May/June 1986:41-43. Agdex 335. "In walnut we have a wood that is not too hard, not too soft, not too open-textured, not too plain", just too expensive, and with too much pure-white sapwood. Decomposing husks make a useful stain with similar colour to the heartwood - it darkens with time.
• Arnold, C. & Freed,J. Report on the nut bearing grove of G.H.M. Johnson, Esq.. Ontario Fruit Growers Association Annual Report 1877:305-306. Also, an article from the Weekly Spectator, Hamilton pg.266-268. Agdex 246. A description of a 12-14 acre walnut, hickory and butternut grove and its large nut production.
• Arnold, Ingersoll. How to grow black walnuts. Blair &Ketchum's Country Journal, Nov.1977:48-51. Agdex 246. The basics, by "Mr. Walnut Seed" of New England.
• Auten, J.T. Some soil factors associated with the site quality for planted black locust and black walnut. J.Forestry 43:592-598 (1945).
• Bainbridge, D. Acorns: the grain that grows on trees. Mother Earth News 89:80-83 (1984). Agdex 240/81. Acorns were a staple food of North American Indians, are nutritionally similar to corn, and can be ground into flour for bread. The white oak (1-year acorn) group are sweetest
• Baker, Frederick S. Black walnut: its growth and management. 1921. USDA Bul.933, 43 pp.
• Baker, Frederick S. A revised tolerance table. J.Forestry 47:179-181 (1948).
• Bey, C.F. Genotypic variation and selection in Juglans nigra. Ph.D. thesis, Iowa State University, 1968. Agdex 246. Source variation of leaf drop date is 30x family variation. A 9x cline was observed for apical dominance, none for seedling diameter or seed weight.
• Bey, C.F. Corrective pruning young walnut trees - a new twist. 1972. 63rd Annual Report, NNGA. Agdex 246. The use of tape, lateral shoots and clippers to train straight leaders for good veneer trees.
• Bey, C.F. Growth gains from moving black walnut provenances northward. J.Forestry Oct.1980:640,641,645. Agdex 330. Optimum growth and timber quality is attained with stock originating 200 miles south of a plantation site.
• Brooks, M.G. Effect of black walnut trees and their products on other vegetation. 1951. W.Va.Agr.Expt.Sta. Bul. 347, 31 pp.
• Burns, Caroline. Saving this fine tree - the American chestnut. Michigan Natural Resources Feb/Mar 1984:27-33.
• Burns, R.M. and Honkala, B.H. Silvics of North America. USDA 1990. Agdex 246. The new version of Silvics of Forest Trees of the United States, 1965. The primary reference of many American foresters.
• Callahan, J.C. & Smith, R.P. An economic analysis of black walnut plantation enterprises. 1974. Agdex 246. Commercial black walnut plantations can be moderately profitable, but have a lower rate of return on investment than general farm crops.
• Campbell, R.D. Understanding hardiness. Campberry Farm, RR#1, Niagara-on-the-Lake ON Canada L0S 1J0. Agdex 240. Hardiness has many facets that are continuously evolving: minimum temperature tolerance, winter dessication, freeze-thaw cycling, excess moisture resistance, day-night temperature accomodation, sun scorch resistance, wind resistance, frost-free season, heat units, unusual spring/fall frosts, moisture distribution, length of winter... It takes many seedlings of a species to select the best biological fit for a particular area.
• Campbell, R.D. Cottage industry nut growing in Ontario. Campberry Farm. 1989. Agdex 240. Commercial growing of heartnut (especially) and hazelbert in Ottawa is reasonable. An agroforestry approach is best, evaluating productivity and quality as time progresses, thinning 50% at 10-15 years and an 50% of the remainder at 20-25 years. First crops of heartnut are normally at 8 years from seeding. Sales of 5-10,000 lb at $2/lb in the shell are reasonable for one location. Quality nuts and word of mouth are the best sales force.
• Chase, S.B. Eastern black walnut germination and seed bed studies. J.Forestry 45:661-668 (1947).
• Chenoweth, Bob. Black Walnut - the history, use, and unrealized potential of a unique American renewable natural resource. 1995. 334 pp. Many facts, figures, historical quotes and references on black walnut wood, veneer, and nuts; a detailed evaluation of why the Purdue selections are not worth their cost.
• Churchill, James & Joan. Good food from the woods. Outdoor Life, March 1985:78-82.
• Clark, F.B. Black walnut responds to pruning. J.Forestry 53:362-365 (1955).
• Clark, F.B. & Seidel, K.W. Growth and quality of pruned black walnut. 1961. US Forestry Service, Central States Forest Exp.Sta. Tech. Paper 180, 11pp.
• Clark, Morton G. A world of nut recipes. 1967. Avenel Books, NY. 240 pp.
• Coons, C.F. Managing your woodlot for healthy trees. Ontario Forestry Association Conference, Kemptville ON, 2 December 1989. Agdex 310. An overview of aims and general practises, especially selective thinning.
• Cutler, D.F. Susceptibility of trees to uprooting by wind. Arboricultural Journal 12(3) 1988. Agdex 363. During a windstorm at Kew, England in 1987, hickories were uprooted far more than other tree genera.
• Degler, Roy H. Missouri's nut trees. 1956. Mo.Cons. 17(10):1-3 (1956).
• Delcourt, Hazel & Paul. Ice age haven for hardwoods. Natural History Sept. 1984:22-28. Agdex 300. Today's nut trees survived the last glaciation on the loess blufflands just east of the Mississippi as far north as Illinois.
• Downie, M.A. & Hamilton, M. Plants in a new world. U.Toronto Press.
• Emerson, R.A. The relation of early maturity to hardiness in trees. Nebraska Agriculture Experimental Station Annual Report 19:101-110 (1906). Black walnut trees of southern provenance held their leaves later in fall and suffered more cold injury than those from northern states & Canada; all sources were equally susceptible to late spring frost injury.
• Erdmann, Gayne G. Chemical weed control increases survival and growth in hardwood plantings. 1967. USDA NC-34, 4 pp illus.
• Erdmann, Gayne G. & Green, Lee Roy. Chemical weed control in a 2-year old walnut planting. 1967. USDA NC-28, 4pp.
• Erichsen-Brown, Charlotte. The use of plants for the past 500 years. Breezy Creek Press, Aurora ON L4G 3H1.
• Farrar, John Laird. Trees in Canada. 1995, 502 pp.
• Fleguel, V.R. A Literature Review of Butternut and the Butternut Canker. Eastern Ontario Model Forest report 20. 1996, 32 pp. Silvics, identification, seed, grafting, canker and conservation. Agdex 340.
• Fleming, R.A. Nut culture in Ontario. OMAF publication 494. 1973. Agdex 240/20. Nut trees can only be grown in the mildest parts of southern Ontario!
• Forest, Herman S. The American chestnut in New York. State of New York, The Conservationist, July/Aug 1978:25-26. Agdex 244. A few hundred isolated trees naturally survived the blight.
• Forest, H.S. et.al. The American chestnut: a bibliography. USDA bibliography 103. 1990. Agdex 240. 1820 references to Castanea dentata and on chestnut blight pathogens Endothia or Cryphonectria.
• Funk, D.T. Genetics of black walnut. 1970. USDA Forest Service, 13 pp. Agdex 246/47. A technical guide for varietal selectors; 78 references.
• Gay, Larry. Heating with wood. 1974. Garden Way Publishing, Vermont. 124 pp.
• Gibbons, Euell. Stalking the wild asparagus. 1962. David McKay Corp., NY. 303 pp.
• Guenther, A. et.al. Natural volatile organic compound emission rate estimates for U.S. woodland landscapes. Atmospheric Environment 28(6):1197-1210 1995. Oak trees produce most of the isoprene found in the continental atmosphere - no one is sure why. The other prolific isoprene producers are almost all southern trees. Other nut trees produce almost no VOC's of any kind. Agdex 306.
• Hacskaylo, J. Deficiency symptoms of some forest trees. Ohio Agricultural Research & Development Center Research Bulletin 1015. 68 pp., colour illus.
• Hamilton, Cheryl. The man who planted trees. Landmarks, Summer 1988 (OMNR).
• Hansen, N.J. & McComb, A.L. Growth of planted ash, black walnut and other species in relation to observable soil-site characteristics in SE Iowa. J.Forestry 56:473-480 (1958).
• Hoadley, R. Bruce. Identifying wood. 1990, 224 pp. How to identify the species of wood in furniture and lumber yard.
• Holch, A.E. Development of roots and shoots of certain deciduous tree seedlings in different forest sites. Ecology 12:259-298 (1931).
• Huber, H.A. Drying firewood. Michigan Natural Resources Nov/Dec 1983:64-65. Drying to 25% moisture is essential to proper heat production and safe use.
• Jaciw, P., Larsson, H.C. Vegetative propagation of black walnut. NNGA 71st Annual Report. 1979. Agdex 240/20. 8-year-old trees were lifted, their tap roots cut into 30 cm lengths, then planted horizontally. 80% produced viable shoots.
• Jaynes, R.A., ed. Nut tree culture in North America. NNGA.
• Jones, J.E. et al. Nut Production Handbook for Eastern Black Walnut. Southwest Missouri RC&D Inc. 1998. Agdex 301. Papers on sawtimber inventory, nut production, social and economic issues.
• Jones, P. ed. Recipes in a Nutshell. ECSONG. 1986. Lots of good-tasting ideas.
• Kern, Ken. The owner-built homestead. 1974. Owner-Builder Pubs., CA. 113 pp.
• Kirk, Donald R. Wild edible plants. 1970. Naturegraph Pubs., CA. 307 pp.
• Krajicek, John E. Planted black walnut does well on cleared forest sites - if competition is controlled. USDA NC-192 (1975). Agdex 300/22. Control of herbaceous competition is what is important, not woody plants. Thinning has to be done carefully, as the lack of wind makes the walnuts more slender and prone to topple.
• Krajicek, John E. & Bey, Calvin F. How to train black walnut seedlings. 1969. USDA leaflet, 6pp.
• Krajicek, John E. & Williams, Robert D. Continued weed control benefits young planted black walnut. USDA NC-122 (1971). Agdex 246. 3 years of control is best. If done before weeds get established, tilling is as effective as Atrazine or Simazine.
• Kramer, P.J. Amount and duration of growth of various species of tree seedlings. Plant Physiol. 18:239-251 (1943).
• Kramer, P.J. & Kozlowski, T.T. Physiology of Trees. 1960. Mcgraw-Hill
• Krochmal, Arnold & Connie. The complete illustrated book of dyes from natural sources. 1974. Doubleday NY, 272 pp.
• Krutch, Joseph W. Herbal. 1965. Phaidon Press, Oxford. 255 pp.
• Kurtz, W.B. et.al. Investment alternatives for black walnut plantation management. J.Forestry, Oct. 1984 pp.604-608. Agdex 246. The long no-return wait involved in the production of veneer-log walnut results in a low rate of return on capital (6.7% at 7.5% interest rate); this may be improved for a given site by managing a plantation optimally for timber and nuts (7.7%), for timber, nuts and winter wheat (9.4%).
• Lamb, George N. A calendar of the leafing, flowering and seeding of the common trees of the eastern United States. Monthly Weather Review Supl.2 pt. 1 (1915), 19 pp, illus.
• Larssoon, H.C. & Jaciw, P. Prospects for growing Asian nut pines in the temperate and boreal forests of North America. NNGA 69th Annual Report: 90-95. 1978. Agdex 248. All three Asian nut pines, Korean, Siberian and dwarf stone pine, should be successful if grown on similar sites as in their Asian habitats. So far, only Korean pine has been planted, and only in southern Ontario.
• Limstrom, G.A. & Deitschman, G.H. Reclaiming Illinois strip coal lands by forest planting. Ill.Agr.Expt.Sta.Bul. 547:201-251. Due to poor nutrient levels, hardwoods fail.
• Losche, C.K. Black walnut growth better on deep, well-drained bottomland soils. 1973. Agdex 246. On floodplains of southern Illinois, depth to a gravel layer was the most important factor affecting growth height, followed by internal soil drainage.
• MacDaniels, L.H. Nut growing in the northeast. Information Bulletin 71, New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. 1981. A good section on seeding, layering, budding and grafting.
• Markes, Bob. The return of the black walnuts. Troy-Bilt Owners News, Fall 1988. Agdex 246. Use electrician's wire clippers to remove shells after cracking - they are shaped like a squirrel's front teeth.
• Martin, G.W. Lumber Co. Ltd. Red oak - a company perspective. Paper presented at an OMNR seminar, fall 1987.
• McKeen, Colin D. Chestnut blight in Ontario: past and present status. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 17(4):295-304 (1995). Two types of hypovirulence are found in Ontario, and many small groups of surviving trees that seem free of blight.
• Miller, Greg. What about chestnuts? The Nutshell Oct. 1988, NNGA. Agdex 244. World production of chestnuts is 5x10⁸ kg, greater than walnuts + pecans; US market is 5x10⁶ kg. Chinese chestnuts (Castanea mollissima are as good to eat as American (C.dentata). Most nursery stock are hybrid, which tend to be inferior producers to pure species. Marketing infrastructure and research are insufficient to support commercial nut orchards.
• Pastoret, J. Home production of black walnut nutmeats. 1990. University Extension, University of Missouri-Columbia. Agdex 246/70. Dehusk by hitting them through 1-5/8" holes in 3/4" plywood, dry in a sack until mid-December, put the nuts in a heavy plastic bag and crack with a mallet, sift out the fines with a 1/4" screen, separate by hand, allow to dry for a day, then refrigerate or freeze.
• Payne, J.A. et.al. Insect pests and diseases of the pecan. USDA ARM-S-5. 1979. The biology and damage of 40 insects and diseases, a key to their identification, and their control. Ground sanitation is effective against most.
• Phares, Robert F. & Finn, R.F. Using foliage analysis to help diagnose nutrient deficiencies in black walnut. NNGA 62nd Annual Report. 1971. Agdex 240/40. The visual appearance of the leaves can help to diagnose N,P,K,Ca,Mg,S,Fe,Mn deficiencies.
• Phares, Robert F. & Williams, Robert D. Crown release promotes faster diameter growth of pole-size black walnut. USDA NC-124 (1971). Agdex 300/25. The growth of the trees was directly related to increases in crown area, and not at all to understory management. See also Clark, F. B. Pole-sized black walnut respond quickly to crown release. J.Forestry 65:406-408 (1967).
• Piedrahita, O. Black walnut toxicity. OMAF. 1984. Agdex 246/80. Toxicity is observed only when walnut roots make direct contact with roots of species whose roots contain oxidizing compounds.
• Poncavage, J. Native nutmeats. Organic Gardening Nov. 1992:45-49. Shagbark hickory ("the best tasting nut in all the world"), black walnut, butternut, James Early pecan, Chinese chestnut and American hazelnut.
• Preston, Richard. North American trees. 1961. Iowa State University Press. 395 pp.
• Qi, Y. et.al. New method for breaking Korean pine seed dormancy. J.Arboriculture 19(2):113-117 (1993). Drop seed in 70°C water, let cool to room temperature and soak for 6 days, then stratify at 3°C for 3 months.
• Reardon, S.R. Discovering woodlot gold. Michigan Natural Resources Nov/Dec 1983:59-63. Agdex 300/10. Keeping a woodlot 'the way it is' requires harvesting and renewal, but most woodlot owners don't. Private forest management can generate income, support wildlife and enhance recreation.
• Reed, C.A. Nut tree propagation. USDA Farmers' Bulletin 1501. 1926. Agdex 240/24. 46 pp. Layering, grafting and budding. Lots of photographs and drawings.
• Reaman, D.E. The trail of the black walnut. United Empire Loyalist pioneers looked for black walnuts to identify the deep rich well-drained loam on which they could prosper.
• Rizzo, B. The sensitivity of Canada's ecosystems to climatic change. Newsletter 17, 1988, Canadian Committee of Ecological Land Classification, Environment Canada.
• Roger, N.F. The growth and development of black walnut on coal strip-mined land in SE Kansas. Kansas Acad.Sci.Trans. 52:99-104 (1949).
• Rutter, P. Quick guide to making controlled pollinations of chestnut. The Bark May/June 1994, American Chestnut Foundation, 401 Brooks Hall, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26506. Agdex 244. Precise details of bagging, pollen collection, when and how to pollinate.
• Schaefer, M. The Nut Growers Manual for Eastern Ontario. 1989. ECSONG The most northerly how-to guide there is for the 10 species covered.
• Schreiner, E.J. Can black walnut poison pines? Pa. Univ. Morris Arboretum Bul. 4:94-96 (1949).
• Segebarth, J. The black walnut: a tough nut to crack. Mother Earth News 89:78-79 (1984).
• Shigo, A.L. & Marx, H.G. Compartmentalization of decay in trees. USDA Forest Service Bulletin 405. 1977. Agdex 300/06. Many colour drawings showing the decay geometries that result from various types of damage to trees.
• Sitton, B.J. Vegetative propagation of the black walnut with special reference to the factors influencing callous formation and union in grafting. 1931. Mich.Agr.Expt.Sta.Tech.Bul. 119, 45 pp.
• Smith, Russell. Tree crops: a permanent agriculture. 1929. Reprinted by Devin-Adair, 1977. Agdex 240. "How long can we last? Permanently, providing we plant more soil-saving, food-producing trees."
• Strobl, Silvia & Bland, David. OMNR. 1998. Silvicultural Guide to Managing Southern Ontario Forests
• Stroempel, G. Plastic netting to protect trees from animal damage. OMNR note 27. 1980. Agdex 320. Vexar brand netting effectively protected red oak on 3 sites with severe rabbit, mouse and deer predation, but some growth problems are noted.
• Stroempel, G. Growth and quality of red oak planted in a jack pine plantation. Forest Research Note 44 of 1987, OMNR. Agdex 330. Jack pine covers a denuded area quickly to prevent soil erosion, and creates ecologically favourable conditions for stand conversion to red oak. Oak can be introduced immediately after the last thinning or several years before complete stand removal.
• Talarico, S. Quartersawn lumber - the quality's in the cutting. Fine Woodworking 48:76-77 (1984). Agdex 300/72. Quarter-sawn boards are more dimensionally stable than other cuts. But, quarter-sawing is time-consuming, and very wasteful of wood unless a bandsaw mill is used, so is rarely used except on woods with large rays such as oak, that show exceptional figure with this cut.
• Taylor, J.C. Pruning Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and Vines. OMAF publication 483. Agdex 270. A 31 page illustrated guide.
• Turner, K.B. et.al. Common pests of ornamental trees and shrubs. OMNR PC.3. 1975. Agdex 621. Identification and treatment guide. Sections included for horsechestnut, oak and walnut/butternut.
• Washburn, Homer C. Pharmacognosy. Edward Bros., Ann Arbor, Mich. 209 pp.
• Weiner, Michael A. Earth medicine - earth food. 1980. MacMillan, NY. 230 pp.
• Wiedemann, Carl. The Genesee oaks. The Conservationist Sep/Oct 1983:7-10. Agdex 240. James Wadsworth, the first landowner in the area, stipulated that one shade tree must be left for every two acres of cleared forest throughout his 34,000 acres. 246 oaks remain that exceed 4' dbh, about 1/3 are hybrids of bur and swamp white oak.
• Wright, J.W. Preliminary report on a study of races in black walnut. J.Forestry 52:673-675 (1954).
• Zarger, T.G. Nut testing, propagation, and planting experience on 90 black walnut seedlings. NNGA Proc. 1945.
• Zoltai, S.C. Ecoclimatic provinces of Canada and man-induced climatic change. Newsletter 17, 1988, Canadian Committee of Ecological Land Classification, Environment Canada.

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